Pseudonymous creator Satoshi Nakamoto remains the largest Bitcoin holder with 1.1 million BTC, valued at approximately $75 billion. Major exchanges and institutions, including Coinbase, Binance, and BlackRock, also control significant shares, highlighting centralized ownership within the decentralized asset. National governments, led by the United States, hold substantial Bitcoin reserves primarily obtained through seizures from criminal operations.
Satoshi Nakamoto controls roughly 5.5% of Bitcoin’s total supply. This stake, untouched since the asset’s creation, is worth around $75 billion.
The US exchange Coinbase holds 993,069 BTC, representing 5% of the supply. Its rival Binance controls 661,000 BTC under custody.
Data revealed that BlackRock is the largest institutional holder with 761,801 BTC. Other major holders include Fidelity and Grayscale.
Publicly traded entities like mining firm MARA and Japan’s Metaplanet have meaningful stakes. Private companies Tether and SpaceX also hold large Bitcoin reserves.
The United States government holds 328,000 BTC, largely from asset seizures. These include coins from the Bitfinex hack, the Silk Road, and the LuBian Hacker address.
China confiscated 194,775 BTC from the PlusToken Ponzi scheme in 2020. It remains unclear if the Chinese government still holds these coins.
Ukraine received $22.8 million in Bitcoin donations following the Russian invasion. More than 700,000 Ukrainian public officials have declared owning Bitcoin.
